The Fight against Illegal, Unreported and Unregulated Fishing

The international community have been of aware of IUU fishing for over a decade.As a result, the FAO adopted an International Plan of Action in 2001 which called upon all its members to take actions against these illegal practices.The EC adopted a Regulation to prevent, deter and eliminate IUU fishing on 29 September 2008.It will enter into force o

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Perceptions as hypotheses: saccades as experiments

If perception corresponds to hypothesis testing (Gregory, 1980); then visual searches might be construed as experiments that generate sensory data.In this work, we explore the idea that saccadic eye movements are optimal experiments, in which data are gathered to test hypotheses or beliefs about how those data are caused.This provides a plausible m

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Molecular and morphological analysis of the developing nemertean brain indicates convergent evolution of complex brains in Spiralia

Abstract Background The brain anatomy in the clade Spiralia can vary from simple, commissural brains (e.g., gastrotrichs, rotifers) to rather complex, partitioned structures (e.g., in cephalopods and annelids).How often and in which lineages complex brains evolved still remains unclear.Nemerteans are a clade of worm-like spiralians, which possess a

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Dexamethasone enhances glutamine synthetase activity and reduces N-methyl-D-aspartate neurotoxicity in mixed cultures of neurons and astrocytes

Astrocytes are claimed to protect neurons against excitotoxicity by clearing glutamate from the extracellular space and rapidly converting it into glutamine.Glutamine, is then released into the extracellular medium, taken up by neurons and transformed back into glutamate which is then omni logic plus stored into synaptic vesicles.Glutamine syntheta

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